At least 38 deaths were reported, with Islamabad saying 26 civilians were killed by the Indian strikes and firing along the border, and New Delhi adding at least 12 dead from Pakistani shelling.
The fighting came two weeks after New Delhi blamed Islamabad for backing an attack on the Indian-run side of disputed Kashmir.
The South Asian neighbours have fought multiple wars since they were carved out of the sub-continent at the end of British rule in 1947.
The latest violence exceeds India’s strikes in 2019, when New Delhi said it had hit “several militants” after a suicide bomber attacked an Indian security force convoy, killing 40.
The Indian army said “justice is served”, reporting nine “terrorist camps” had been destroyed, with New Delhi adding that its actions “have been focused, measured and non-escalatory in nature”.
Pakistan Defence Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif accused Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi of launching the strikes to “shore up” his domestic popularity, but said Islamabad had struck back.
“The retaliation has already started”, Asif said. “We won’t take long to settle the score.”
Military spokesman Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry said five Indian jets had been downed across the border.
An Indian senior security source, who asked not to be named, said three of its fighter jets had crashed on home territory.
In Muzaffarabad, the main city of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, troops cordoned off streets around a mosque Islamabad said was struck, with blast marks visible on the walls of several nearby homes.
“There were terrible sounds during the night, there was panic among everyone,” said Muhammad Salman, who lives close to the mosque.
“We are moving to a safer place… we are homeless now,” added 24-year-old Tariq Mir who was hit in the leg by shrapnel.
Pakistan said 21 civilians were killed in the strikes – including four children – while five were killed by gunfire at the border.
India’s army accused Pakistan of “indiscriminate” firing across the Line of Control (LoC), the de facto border in Kashmir.
Diplomats have piled pressure on leaders to step back.
“The world cannot afford a military confrontation between India and Pakistan,” said the spokesman for UN chief Antonio Guterres, Stephane Dujarric.
US President Donald Trump said he hoped that the fighting “ends very quickly”.
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio spoke to top security officials in both New Delhi and Islamabad since the strikes and said he was monitoring the situation “closely”.
Concern poured in, including from China, Britain, France and Russia, while airlines have cancelled, diverted or rerouted flights.
Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi is expected in New Delhi on Wednesday, two days after a visit to Islamabad, as Tehran seeks to mediate. (AFP)
